经行山外山

法国行政诉讼临时处分制度研究

摘è¦?

临 时处分制度是法国是为å‡?少å?¸æ³•æ•‘济与社会需求脱节而设立的临时æ?ƒåˆ©ä¿?护机制。法国行政诉讼中的临时处分制度在二å??世纪下å?Šå?¶ä»¥æ?¥å?–得了长足进展，也是体现 了法国现代行政诉讼改é?©å’Œå?‘展的é‡?è¦?表现。改é?©å?Žçš„临时处分程åº?通过赋予行政法官在紧急情况下采å?–多ç§?措施的æ?ƒåŠ›ï¼Œä¸?仅给予行政相对人更有效的救济，也修 正了行政法的部分ç?†è®ºå’ŒåŽŸåˆ™ï¼Œæ›´åˆ›è®¾äº†æ–°çš„制度范畴，引起了法国行政法学界的热烈讨论。我国ç?†è®ºç•Œä¸€ç›´é‡?视法国行政法与行政诉讼的ç»?验，当å‰?国内行政诉讼制度改é?©ä¸­é?‡åˆ°çš„众多问题，æ?°å?¯ä»¥ä»Žè¿™ä¸€å?‘展中å?–得有益的ç»?验。有鉴于此，本文选采最新的法语学术资料为å?‚考文献，æ?´å¼•è¿‘年法国最高行政法院的æ?ƒå¨?判例，力图展现法国行政诉讼临时处分程åº?的沿é?©å’Œè¿?作，分æž?其对当代行政法的贡献，以求增添国内对当代法国行政诉讼晚近å?‘展的研究积累。

本文首先回顾了临时处分制度的兴起原因和制度演进，ç–?ç?†äº†æ³•å›½è¡Œæ”¿è¯‰è®¼ä¸´æ—¶å¤„分程åº?的分类；接ç?€ç»†è‡´è®ºè¿°äº†ä¸¤ç§?主è¦?临时处分——中止执行性临时处分和ä¿?护基本自由临时处分——的 实施æ?¡ä»¶å’Œæ•‘济方å¼?，进而分æž?其对行政法ç»?典原则的çª?破（包括“行政诉讼ä¸?å?œæ­¢è¡Œæ”¿å†³å®šçš„执行â€?ã€?“行政法官ä¸?得å?‘行政机关下达强制令â€?等）以å?Šè¡Œæ”¿æ³•å®˜ 如何è¿?用判例规é™?“基本自由â€?ã€?“显著è¿?法â€?等新的法律范畴，论è¯?了临时处分制度在实体层é?¢çš„é‡?è¦?作用；然å?Žæ??述了临时处分的共通程åº?规则（包括申请的æ?? 起与å?—ç?†ã€?预审ã€?作出è£?定和上诉途径）；最å?Žæ€»ç»“了当代法国行政诉讼的积æž?效果和æˆ?功æ?¡ä»¶å?Šå?¯èµ„借鉴之处。

关键è¯?：行政诉讼，临时æ?ƒåˆ©ä¿?护，诉讼å?œæ­¢æ‰§è¡Œï¼ŒåŸºæœ¬è‡ªç”±ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¼ºåˆ¶ä»¤

A Study on the Référé Procedure (summary interlocutory procedure) in French Administrative Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Référé, also known as a summary interlocutory order established by judge as a means of provisional rights-protection as to reduce the gap between the jurisdictional remedy and social demands, is substantial during the development of French administrative proceedings since the late half of the twentieth century. In recent yeas, there has been many debates in the field of French administrative law on the various measures taken by référé judges in urgent circumstances during the référé procedure after the reform of the French administrative proceedings. Theses measures have been not only providing the administrated with more efficient remedy, but also modifying part of the classic theories and principles of the administrative law, even establishing new legal regimes as well. This article is trying, by applying the latest French academic materials and the authorized precedents in French supreme administrative court, to demonstrate the history and functioning of référé in French administrative proceedings and to summarize its contribution to contemporary administrative law, with the aim of filling up the blanks of the study of contemporary French administrative proceedings and contribute to the Chinese reform of administrative proceedings as well.

In this article, firstly, the reason of the emergence of référé and its evolution is illustrated, followed by the classification of référé procedure. Secondly, a detailed expatiation is developed on the conditions of enforcement and means of remedy of two main kinds of référé, the référé of suspension of execution and the référé of guarantee of fundamental liberty, along with which is expounded how the référé judges develop the new mode and regimes such as “fundamental freedomâ€? and “manifestly illegalâ€? through precedents. The breakthrough is also analyzed in classical principles of administrative law (including the “no state of execution of administrative decisions administrative proceedingsâ€?, and the “interdiction of the injunction by the judge to the administrationâ€?), with the demonstrations on the essential functions of référé at the aspect of merit. Thirdly, the article illustrates the common procedural principles of référé (including instituting an application, instruction, judgement and means of appeals). Eventually, it summarizes the positive effects and conditions to succeed of contemporary French administrative proceedings and finds out the aspects valuable to the construction of provisional rights-protection institution.

Keywords：administrative proceedings，provisional rights-protection，suspension of execution of administrative decision during litigation，fundamental liberty，jurisdictional injunction

目录

TOC \o “1-5″ \h \z \u 摘è¦?… PAGEREF _Toc107297995 \h I 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390037003900390035000000

ABSTRACT. PAGEREF _Toc107297996 \h II 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390037003900390036000000

目录… PAGEREF _Toc107297997 \h III 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390037003900390037000000

导论… PAGEREF _Toc107297998 \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390037003900390038000000

一．行政诉讼中临时æ?ƒåˆ©ä¿?护问题的æ??出… PAGEREF _Toc107297999 \h 1 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390037003900390039000000

二．法国行政诉讼临时处分制度的研究æ„?义… PAGEREF _Toc107298000 \h 2 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300030000000

三．本文的研究对象ã€?方法和计划… PAGEREF _Toc107298001 \h 3 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300031000000

第一章 法国行政诉讼临时处分制度的沿é?©… PAGEREF _Toc107298002 \h 6 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300032000000

1.1 行政诉讼临时处分制度的产生和演å?˜… PAGEREF _Toc107298003 \h 6 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300033000000

1.1.1 “临时处分â€?的起æº?和正当性基础… PAGEREF _Toc107298004 \h 6 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300034000000

1.1.2 行政诉讼临时处分制度的局é™?性和改é?©… PAGEREF _Toc107298005 \h 8 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300035000000

1.2行政诉讼临时处分的现行制度… PAGEREF _Toc107298006 \h 10 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300036000000

第二章 有效ä¿?护æ?ƒåˆ©ï¼šä¸´æ—¶å¤„分的救济æ?¡ä»¶å’Œæ–¹å¼?… PAGEREF _Toc107298007 \h 14 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300037000000

2. 1 在诉讼中å?œæ­¢æ‰§è¡Œè¡Œæ”¿å†³å®šâ€”—中止执行紧急处分… PAGEREF _Toc107298008 \h 14 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300038000000

2.1.1 行政诉讼ä¸?å?œæ­¢æ‰§è¡Œçš„原则与暂缓执行的例外… PAGEREF _Toc107298009 \h 14 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000300039000000

2.1.1.1 行政诉讼ä¸?å?œæ­¢æ‰§è¡ŒåŽŸåˆ™… PAGEREF _Toc107298010 \h 14 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310030000000

2.1.1.2 暂缓执行程åº?… PAGEREF _Toc107298011 \h 15 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310031000000

2.1.1.3 改é?©å?Žçš„中止执行程åº?… PAGEREF _Toc107298012 \h 16 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310032000000

2.1.2 中止执行处分的适用对象… PAGEREF _Toc107298013 \h 16 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310033000000

2.1.3 予以中止执行处分的实体è¦?件… PAGEREF _Toc107298014 \h 18 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310034000000

2.1.3.1 存在紧急情形（urgence）… PAGEREF _Toc107298015 \h 18 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310035000000

2.1.3.2 存在对被诉行政决定å?ˆæ³•æ€§çš„“é‡?大怀疑â€?（doute sérieux）… PAGEREF _Toc107298016 \h 20 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310036000000

2.1.4中止执行处分的方å¼?… PAGEREF _Toc107298017 \h 21 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310037000000

2. 2 以强制令ä¿?障基本自由å…?å?—侵犯ï¼?ä¿?护自由紧急处分… PAGEREF _Toc107298018 \h 23 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310038000000

2.2.1 强制令：行政诉讼制度新çª?ç ´… PAGEREF _Toc107298019 \h 23 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000310039000000

2.2.2 ä¿?护自由临时处分的适用对象… PAGEREF _Toc107298020 \h 25 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320030000000

2.2.3 采å?–ä¿?护自由处分的实体è¦?件… PAGEREF _Toc107298021 \h 26 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320031000000

2.2.2.1 针对基本自由（liberté fondamentale）… PAGEREF _Toc107298022 \h 26 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320032000000

2.2.2.1.1 独立的法律范畴… PAGEREF _Toc107298023 \h 26 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320033000000

2.2.2.1.2å?Œé‡?界定标准… PAGEREF _Toc107298024 \h 27 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320034000000

2.2.2.1.3 基本自由与æ?ƒåˆ©ã€?宪法价值目标… PAGEREF _Toc107298025 \h 28 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320035000000

2.2.2.2 严é‡?的且显著è¿?法的侵害（atteinte grave et manifestement illégale） PAGEREF _Toc107298026 \h 30 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320036000000

2.2.2.3 紧急情形… PAGEREF _Toc107298027 \h 31 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320037000000

2.2.4 ä¿?护自由处分的方å¼?… PAGEREF _Toc107298028 \h 31 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320038000000

第三章 迅æ?·åˆ¤ä»¤æŽªæ–½ï¼šä¸´æ—¶å¤„分的程åº?展开… PAGEREF _Toc107298029 \h 34 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000320039000000

3.1 临时处分法官… PAGEREF _Toc107298030 \h 34 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330030000000

3.1.1 独任制与法官资格… PAGEREF _Toc107298031 \h 34 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330031000000

3.1.2 临时处分法官的管辖æ?ƒ… PAGEREF _Toc107298032 \h 35 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330032000000

3.1.3 法官的义务… PAGEREF _Toc107298033 \h 36 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330033000000

3.1.3.1 所有临时处分程åº?共å?Œé€‚用的æ?¡ä»¶… PAGEREF _Toc107298034 \h 36 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330034000000

3.1.3.1.1 实体诉讼已存在或者有å?¯èƒ½å?Žç»­å?‘生（pré-contentieux）… PAGEREF _Toc107298035 \h 36 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330035000000

3.1.3.1.2 被申请采å?–的临时处分措施应当是有效的（utile）… PAGEREF _Toc107298036 \h 37 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330036000000

3.1.3.1.3 “ä¸?得对本诉构æˆ?防ç¢?â€?（le référé ne devait pas préjudicier au principal）原则的放弃 PAGEREF _Toc107298037 \h 37 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330037000000

3.1.3.2 紧急临时处分的共å?Œæ?¡ä»¶ï¼šå­˜åœ¨ç´§æ€¥çš„情形… PAGEREF _Toc107298038 \h 38 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330038000000

3.2 程åº?… PAGEREF _Toc107298039 \h 38 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000330039000000

3.2.1 临时处分申请的å?—ç?†… PAGEREF _Toc107298040 \h 38 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340030000000

3.2.1.1 临时处分申请的形å¼?… PAGEREF _Toc107298041 \h 38 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340031000000

3.2.1.2 行政决定å‰?置规则（la règle de la décision préalable）与临时处分… PAGEREF _Toc107298042 \h 38 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340032000000

3.2.1.3 律师å??助（ministère d’avocat）… PAGEREF _Toc107298043 \h 39 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340033000000

3.2.1.4 临时处分申请的审查… PAGEREF _Toc107298044 \h 39 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340034000000

3.2.2 对临时处分申请的预审… PAGEREF _Toc107298045 \h 40 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340035000000

3.2.2.1 对抗性… PAGEREF _Toc107298046 \h 40 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340036000000

3.2.2.2 迅æ?·æ€§… PAGEREF _Toc107298047 \h 40 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340037000000

3.2.3 临时处分è£?定的作出… PAGEREF _Toc107298048 \h 41 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340038000000

3.2.3.1 è£?定作出的时间和方å¼?… PAGEREF _Toc107298049 \h 41 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000340039000000

3.2.3.2 è£?定的既判力问题… PAGEREF _Toc107298050 \h 41 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350030000000

3.2.3.2.1 临时处分è£?定对行政法官的效力… PAGEREF _Toc107298051 \h 41 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350031000000

3.2.3.2.2 临时处分è£?定对å?Œæ–¹å½“事人的效力… PAGEREF _Toc107298052 \h 42 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350032000000

3.2.3.2.3 行政机关根æ?®ä¸´æ—¶å¤„分è£?定所采å?–措施的效力… PAGEREF _Toc107298053 \h 43 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350033000000

3.2.4对è£?定的å¤?审和上诉途径… PAGEREF _Toc107298054 \h 44 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350034000000

3.2.4.1 临时处分è£?定的å¤?审程åº?（réexamen）… PAGEREF _Toc107298055 \h 44 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350035000000

3.2.4.2 临时处分è£?定的上诉途径… PAGEREF _Toc107298056 \h 44 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350036000000

结论… PAGEREF _Toc107298057 \h 47 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350037000000

å?‚考文献… PAGEREF _Toc107298058 \h 51 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350038000000

附录… PAGEREF _Toc107298059 \h 55 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000350039000000

缩写… PAGEREF _Toc107298060 \h 55 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000360030000000

索引… PAGEREF _Toc107298061 \h 56 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000360031000000

临时处分è£?定书样本… PAGEREF _Toc107298062 \h 57 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000360032000000

临时处分审ç?†åœºæ‰€ä¸€æ™¯… PAGEREF _Toc107298063 \h 60 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003100300037003200390038003000360033000000

---

related post

• Library
• Festival of music at France
• WebClip
• 雅虎组建在线免费图书音频联盟
• 念念不忘